15–18 By contrast, eastern philosophies stress the need to avoid simplistic distinctions.
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14 The western paradox in management is similar to, but very different from, the Chinese traditional yin–yang. With contradictions in demands emerging in organizational management, an increasing number of western scholars have analysed the organizational environment of globalization, and dynamic and diversified competition from the perspective of paradox in management. 1 China’s indigenous organizational management research needs to adopt the perspective of localization, use local management philosophy and thought, and integrate it with western culture and management thought so as to adopt its strengths and compensate for its weaknesses. To fully explain some behaviours and performances of Chinese indigenous organizations, the use of Chinese traditional philosophical thinking is required to modify, supplement, enrich, or even replace traditional western concepts or theories in some cases. 8–10 Therefore, more detailed and indigenous research, theory, and work are required, rather than the simplistic reproduction of western models based on “assumptions, perspectives and biases that are simply just not applicable or appropriate in China”. 6, 7 An important reason for this is the contradiction and divergence between western management philosophy and traditional Chinese philosophy. In addition, in cross-cultural organizations in China, the relationship of confrontation and coordination between China and foreign nations is constantly emerging in organizational issues, and the division of power and responsibility is often in dispute.
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However, in view of the unique characteristics of China’s non-profits, there is a lack of research on the dynamic changes in the opposition and unity between the Chinese government and non-profits. 1–5 For example, western scholars have introduced cooperative governance thinking and discussed building a cooperative relationship between government and non-profit organizations in public service. However, many scholars have found that directly applying western management systems does not fit Chinese enterprises and organizations well. Western modern management theory has influenced the formation of mainstream Chinese management science after it was introduced to China. Keywords: paradox, yin–yang, Chinese management science, organizational management, review The review focuses on connecting the yin–yang perspective with the paradox in management, cross-cultural management, and practice of organizational management.
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Our review finds that the scholars propose yin–yang as a supplement to and an optimization of western management. Compared with several western philosophical perspectives, yin–yang places more emphasis on the interaction of interdependent contradictions and better describes the complex dynamics of both contradictions.
#Yon and yang how to#
School of Business Administration/School of Communication and Journalism, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, People’s Republic of ChinaĪbstract: This paper examines the paradox in management through the yin–yang lens and how to apply the yin–yang perspective in Chinese indigenous management research through a literature review. 1School of Business Administration, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China and Guangxi University, Nanning, People’s Republic of China 2School of Business Administration/School of Communication and Journalism, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China